The Miracle of the Development of Japanese Manga

 　　The formation of

　　

　　Japanese origin of Japanese manga, some people trace it back to the Heian period "Wu Yu-e" (a kind of exaggerated genre painting with daily life as the theme created by Tiantai monk Wu Yuzheng, after the painters development, and successfully shaped a unique painting style). In the 19th century, the famous Ukiyo-e painter Katsushika Hokusai's "Hokusai Manga" was published, and the term "manga" first appeared and was widely used.

　　It was after World War II that modern Japanese manga began to make an essential leap. After the war, Japan suffered from material scarcity and the publishing industry faced various difficulties. However, the war freed Japan from the shackles of old ideas, and new values ​​came into being. During this process, Osamu Tezuka, known as the "Father of Japanese Modern Comics", introduced the angle changes and dynamic tracking techniques in the movie into the comics, making the post-war comics have aesthetic characteristics that are clearly different from those of the pre-war comics. . The "science, adventure, and detective comics" represented by Tezuka's works constituted a major mainstream in the development of comics in the early postwar period. He used vivid and flowing pictures to tell adventure stories, and incorporated a lot of scientific knowledge, conquering millions of people. Readers, his sci-fi trilogy "The Lost World", "Metropolis" and "Future World" were all great successes. Afterwards, "Forest Emperor" began to be serialized and gained a sensational effect; the classic "Astro Boy" was serialized for 16 years and became well-known at home and abroad, and is still sought after by young people; It is a famous work. Handicraft works created a new style of literature, film and manga, which made many young Japanese manga artists grow up.

　　In the 1960s, "drama painting" works began to become the mainstream. "Dramatic painting" is the story-based and long-form of comics, which emphasizes the rigorous and ups and downs of the storyline, and strives to create more sense of life and harmony in terms of content and details. The sense of reality is also more realistic in painting techniques, with thick lines and emphasis on momentum. The assembly-line production method adopted in drama paintings has expanded the production volume of comics and improved their popularity. At the same time, the delicate style of shoujo manga also began to develop, and a large number of female manga artists appeared on the stage of shojo manga, integrating the voice of women into Japanese manga. A group of teenage cartoonists born in the 24th year of the Showa era (1949) are called the "Twenty-Four-Year Group". They have created a group of comics with brand-new tendencies, creating a world in the fantasy of teenage girls. The addition of writers not only greatly improves the story, but also enables cartoonists to concentrate on improving their drawing techniques. The appearance of drawing techniques to describe the feelings and inner activities of characters greatly increases the expressiveness of cartoons, and cartoons can more fully show people. The feelings, psychological conditions and various imagination spaces of Japanese comics began to be highlighted.

　　On the other hand, the rapid development of the TV industry has brought comics to the screen, and the new development form of "animation" has begun to have an immeasurable impact on the entire comics market. The TV animation of "Astro Boy" has been continuously on TV. After the broadcast, it continued to hit a new high in ratings, and many family adults and children watched it together, and the comics began to be recognized by the society. The emergence of animation has created a large number of loyal fans of Japanese comics, the comics market has been able to expand rapidly, and led to the emergence of a series of additional industries, the commercial operation of Japanese animation has started and continues to mature.

　　In the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese manga experienced a big bang period. Manga publications once approached 40% of all publications. The boundaries of various manga genres gradually blurred. Manga artists worked hard to establish personal styles and characteristics, and the types of manga continued to increase. According to different reader groups, comic works can be divided into children's comics, juvenile comics, girls' comics, youth comics, women's comics, etc.; according to the content, it is divided into romance comics, science fiction comics, animal comics, fighting comics, etc. Anime works adapted from excellent manga have also been released continuously and have been well received. The comics such as "Saint Seiya", "Yuyou Hakusho", "Rurouni Kenshin", "Inuyasha" and "Detective Conan" well-known to the post-80s are all products of the Big Bang period. With the efforts of many cartoonists, Japanese manga has finally developed into a mature industry system with a strong style of its own. As a civilian art, manga has finally occupied an important position in Japan's mainstream art with its own unique attitude.

　　The mainstreaming of comics among the domestic people depends not only on the unremitting efforts of cartoonists, writers and animation producers, but also on the support of the Japanese government and society. In Japan, comic books are very cheap and can be seen everywhere. Various types of comic books are displayed in subway entrances, supermarkets, and book bars. People buy these comics like buying daily necessities. Distressed to throw them in subways, buses and recycling, the low price played a very key role in the popularity of comics. After comics showed great development potential, the Japanese government began to vigorously support and support the comics industry, and even the official white paper produced a comic version. The Japanese government became the first government to promote the entertainment comic art as a national cultural brand. After Japanese manga successfully went global, it quickly became one of the symbols of Japanese exports.

　　

　　Entering the world market

　　

　　Japanese manga during the Big Bang began to enter the world market on a large scale, first in Asia, then in the United States and Europe. The continuous expansion of comic consumption has led to more and more additional industries. In addition to comic books and film and television works, live-action comic movies, comic props and online games are all loved by comic fans; cultural habits have also been continuously improved and established. , such as the subsequent emergence of COSPLAY has become a new tradition in the animation industry, popular in Europe and Asia, so this stage is regarded as a new starting point for the expansion of the Japanese comics market. A series of comic works interspersed with family, friendship and love, moved audiences of different genders and age groups in different countries and created a miracle of animation ratings. For example, Fujiko F. Fujio's "Doraemon" has been regarded as one of the Japanese national animation classics since it was first released. The work is based on the daily life of elementary school student Nobita. At that time, his imagination was breathtaking, although There is no gorgeous picture as a coat, and the plot is very simple, but the dream of innocence has accompanied the growth of generations of children. This comic and its animation works have been successful and enduring after being introduced into China one after another. It is the first comic for many Chinese children born in the 1980s. The appearance of "Doraemon" laid the foundation for the popularity of Japanese comics in China in the "anime mode". "Saint Seiya", a work that combines Greek mythology, Buddhist stories, Norse mythology, Indian mythology and Egyptian mythology, has influenced an entire generation. The discussion of life and the dedication to protecting things have made The audience was excited, and this work established the status of Japanese animation in China.

　　Another milestone in Japanese manga's march to the world is Akira Toriyama's "Dragon Ball". This ten-year-long manga has achieved a miracle of 300 million copies sold worldwide. Introduced from many countries, it is the most commercialized and profitable work in the history of Japanese animation development. It is very popular in the European and American markets. It can be seen from the live-action movie "Dragon Ball" that Hollywood spent a lot of money in 2009. The lasting influence of this comic. The works such as "Detective Conan", "One Piece" and "Inuyasha" are masterpieces of Japanese animation after the continuous maturity. The pictures are more gorgeous and the plot is more ups and downs, and they are quite influential in the world market.

　　At present, more than 60% of the animation works broadcast globally are from Japan. In Europe, the proportion is even higher, reaching more than 80%. Japanese manga has already become a part of the daily life of most teenagers in the world, affecting the childhood life of generations. The export of comics not only promotes the development of Japan's economy, but also helps to promote Japanese culture overseas. Only Japan has brought the effect of this kind of civilian art to the extreme. The development of Japanese manga is developed with "heart". Many animators and manga artists have given up many opportunities and original life paths because of their passion for this industry. Many of these people are Tokyo University, Waseda University, and Keio University. of graduates, they are dedicated to their favorite comics, and they have created a miracle in their country's comics industry.

　　

　　The enlightenment of the development of

　　

　　Japanese After the continuous development and maturity of Japanese manga, it has moved towards the road of combining with animation production, so the term "animation" has emerged. The reason why Japanese animation can swept the world depends on The fundamental element of comics remains original. In Japan, the original comics are published in magazines, and according to the popularity, it is decided whether to synthesize a single book for sale, and then make it into an animation. In this process,

The storytelling of animation scripts will first be tested by the market, which provides the most basic market guarantee for animation works. The concept of "animation" in China has only been put forward in recent years, and in a strict sense, most works can only be called "animation" rather than "animation", because these works do not have market-tested stories. Sex cartoons are used as a basis, which is also a barrier that Chinese animation has still not been able to get out of. The current Chinese animation creation is still in a state of emphasizing pictures, ignoring stories, emphasizing hardware and ignoring software. Due to too much emphasis on picture effects, various animation training institutions also focus on production technology, ignoring the cultivation of original talents.

　　Compared with the vigorous animation production, the domestic comics industry is quite slow. Although comic newspapers and awards have been set up, and the serialization of story comics is also in progress, the market share of single-run books is still very small, and there are very few unique and attractive works, and it is difficult to create. Jumping out of the frame of Japanese manga, the manga image contains too many imitation factors. The disconnect between the development of domestic comics and animation development has made the entire animation market weak, and it is difficult to derive excellent animation works. Therefore, what Chinese animation really needs to pay attention to is the most basic elements of original comic images and vivid and compact storylines.

　　Another important reason for the successful promotion of Japanese animation is its mature commercial operation. Japanese animation adopts the business model of separation of production and sales, and eliminates and selects by market competition to avoid risks in the animation industry. After a long period of development, the Japanese animation industry has formed a "manga creation - a well-received release book - animation production - playback - audio and video product distribution - derivative products of animation works, such as toys, clothing, daily necessities, etc. - animation Games" is a clear industry chain, and in this chain, more than 70% of the profits come from audio-visual publishing and derivative products.

　　After more than 70 years of development, the miracle of Japanese animation casting is obvious to all. From the development of Japanese manga, it can be found that this kind of miracle is actually built on many of the most basic elements, such as stories, pictures and markets. Japanese people who pay attention to detail play these basic elements to an almost perfect level, select the most outstanding writers to ensure that the stories can be engaging, original spirit and unique style of cartoonists to create vivid pictures, and then let the market test. comics' popularity and maximize market returns. From the outside world, writers, cartoonists, animation producers, sponsors, planning companies and TV stations seem to be independent of each other, and the contribution of animation people is more dominant, but for the entire animation industry, they It is undoubtedly an indispensable team, relying on the efforts of each party to achieve the huge scale of the Japanese animation industry today, making Japanese comics not only one of the most successful civilian cultures so far, but also successfully hitting the world market and gaining huge business. benefits and social benefits. Therefore, our study and reference to Japanese animation should no longer be limited to the imitation of picture technology, but to go deeper into the operation mode that Japanese animation attaches importance to the content itself and promotes it. After recognizing these essential elements Only afterward can Chinese animation truly create with a more humble attitude and create its own glory with more and better original works.