The famous Russian poet Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (1799-1837) once very much wanted to travel to China, but he has never been able to realize his wish. At the beginning of the 20th century, Pushkin's works began to enter China. The first novel to be translated into Chinese was Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter", and his other classic works were also translated into Chinese one after another. Pushkin's unfinished China complex was extended in his descendants - his descendant, Elizabeth Durnovo, married the Chinese Rodney Liu.
In the early 18th century, Russian intellectuals vigorously translated and introduced Chinese culture. The ancient Chinese civilization was like a magnet that attracted Pushkin, and he developed a strong interest in China since then. According to statistics, there are more than 80 kinds of books about China in Pushkin's various collections. The extensive reading and contact with these books have deepened his love and yearning for China. How much Pushkin wanted to go to China to see the world-famous monuments such as the Great Wall.
In 1828, Pushkin got acquainted with Father Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (1777-1853), a famous sinologist in his country, which made his love and passion for China rise to a new height. Bhichurin graduated from Kazan Theological Seminary in Russia. He served as the dean of a monastery in Kazan and the high priest. He later served as the head of the Orthodox mission. He lived in China for 14 years (1807-1821). During his stay in China, he learned four languages, Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan, and carefully studied Chinese traditional culture.
After Father Bhichurin returned to China, he enthusiastically wrote articles about China in many newspapers and magazines, which were widely circulated and enjoyed high prestige. He has translated and written a large number of works on China, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, History of the First Four Khans of the Genghis Khan Family, History of Qinghai in Tibet, Unification of the Qing Dynasty, Tongjian Compendium and Tibet Chronicles, etc., and presented many translated works to Pushkin. One of the translations is "Tibetan Chronicles". The book also includes a detailed route map from Chengdu to Lhasa. On the title page of the book, there is an autograph written by Bhikkhu Lin: To the kind-hearted Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, with the sincere respect of the translator, April 26, 1828. In 1829, Bhikkhulin gave Pushkin his translation of the Three Character Classic, and wrote in front of the book: Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin Huicun, donated by the translator.
With the increasing contacts with sinologists such as Father Bhikkhulin, Pushkin has a deeper understanding of China and is eager to come to China as soon as possible. In the poem "To Friends", he said, "Let's go, I'm ready, friends, no matter where you want to go, I will follow you closely, and follow you to the foot of the Great Wall of China." In the poem The "friends" refer to Pavel Lvovich Schillinger (1786-1837) and Bhikkhulin. Schillinger was an official of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an orientalist. He was elected as a corresponding academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He was also a friend of Pushkin. members of the expedition. The two men had close contacts with Pushkin. It was in the inspiration of their actions that Pushkin had such an urgent idea.
Pushkin very much wanted to go with the delegation to China, but because of the failure of the Decembrist uprising (the uprising against the Tsarist autocracy that took place in Russia in December 1825, Pushkin had close ties to the Decembrists), Pushkin's freedom of movement was Restricted by the Tsarist government. To this end, Pushkin wrote to Tsar Nicholas I's minister, Count Benkendorf, on January 7, 1830, applying to go to China: "I am not married or hold an official position, and I want to apply for permission to go to China. Accompanying the mission to China to visit China."
Pushkin's application was rejected by the tsarist government, and Benkendorf wrote back: "His Majesty has not approved your application for permission to travel abroad, thinking that it will cost you a lot of money and that it will take you out of business, so you want to The desire to accompany the Chinese mission to China cannot be fulfilled; besides, all the members of the mission have been determined, and they cannot be replaced by others without prior notification to the Beijing court.”
After the Tsar forbade him to go abroad, Pushkin's ardent hope for China was not affected. He continued to care about everything in China as always. Even three months after the expedition led by Schillinger, Pushkin was still seriously studying Chinese history. 's books. At the same time, Pushkin's classmates when he was studying at the Royal Village Middle School in St. Petersburg, the famous Decembrists Besturzev and Chukhlbek were exiled to Siberia and had all been to the Russian-Chinese border. They were sending messages to Pushkin. In his letter, he described in detail what he saw and heard about China's border areas, which aroused the enthusiastic attention of Pushkin. Although Pushkin was unable to go to China with Schillinger's delegation, he published several issues of letters or related letters written by Schillinger and Bichulin in the northwestern region of China to investigate the local customs and conditions in the "Literature Newspaper" edited by him. The report introduces the latest situation in China to the Russian public, which enhances and promotes the Russian people's understanding of China.
Pushkin has mentioned China dozens of times, the people there, and Beijing. Even when conceiving the long poem "Evgeny Onegin", according to his original idea, the Chinese Confucius should be mentioned. Pushkin began to write the long poem "Evgeny Onegin" in 1823, that is to say, long before he knew those sinologists, he knew something about Confucius in China. Probably, the philosophical thoughts of Confucius and the names of many Chinese thinkers, Pushkin heard of when he was studying at the Royal Village Middle School in St. Petersburg. Perhaps, as early as childhood, little Pushkin had heard about the mysterious country of China, and knew that there were pagodas and palaces, precious jade Buddhas, lanterns, kites...
Although Pushkin himself failed to set foot on the land of China, after seventy or eighty years, his works crossed the border into China. Pushkin's name first appeared in an encyclopedia about Russia published in China in the early 20th century.
In 1903 Chinese readers saw the first Chinese translation of Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter", which had the unusual title "Russian Love History: A Biography of Mary Smith". This is the first Russian literary work translated and published in China. Subsequently, Chinese translations of Pushkin's works "The Postmaster", "Blizzard", "Miss Village Girl" and "Mozart and Salieri" came out one after another; Chinese newspapers and periodicals also began to publish Pushkin's classic works. The Chinese are very fond of Pushkin's long poem "Evgeny Onegin", which has at least six translations.
Qu Qiubai, a famous Chinese writer and literary critic, once said, "Pushkin's long poem "Evgeny Onegin" is his greatest work." Among Pushkin researchers in China, Ge Baoquan is the most famous. A well-known foreign literature researcher, translator, and Soviet literature expert has set foot in Russia more than once and visited Pushkin's hometown, including Moscow, St. Petersburg and Mikhailovskoye. The Chinese got to know Pushkin, got to know Russia, and got to know the Russian culture.
1937 marked the 100th anniversary of Pushkin's death, and commemorations were held in many parts of the world. In February of this year, with the efforts of the Chinese government, Russian expatriates living in Shanghai and French diplomats, the Pushkin Memorial Bronze Statue was built in Shanghai and a grand unveiling ceremony was held. This is the first Pushkin memorial in Asia. Later, this memorial statue became a witness of China's suffering years: in 1937, Japan occupied Northeast China and attacked China in an all-round way. After the Japanese army occupied Shanghai, the Pushkin statue was demolished in November 1944, and it was not rebuilt until February 1947; It was demolished again during the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1960s, and the Pushkin Memorial Statue was erected for the third time in Shanghai on the 150th anniversary of Pushkin's death in 1987.
China has established the Pushkin Research Association, which regularly holds Pushkin seminars and holds various literary and artistic activities. His works were published in large numbers on Pushkin's major anniversaries. On the 200th anniversary of Pushkin's birth in 1999, China held a very grand celebration.
Pushkin's China complex still stretches behind him. In the mid-20th century, Pushkin's descendant, 17-year-old Elizabeth Durnovo, married Chinese Rodney Liu. The wedding was held in Paris, France, the bride's hometown. Later, they settled near Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Children were born there one after another. In honor of the great ancestor, they named a child Alexander Liu (Alexander is Pushkin's first name and Pushkin is his surname).
If Pushkin had a soul underground and learned that his descendants were of Chinese blood, he would be very relieved to know that his eponymous descendants could read his poems in Russian while speaking Chinese with ease.
Many people know that Pushkin of Russia is a famous poet, lesser-known is that he is also an artist. As long as you look up Pushkin's manuscripts, you can find that there are many sketches and sketches drawn on the manuscript paper, which are dazzling. The lines of these drawings are light, fast, and flying, completely in line with Pushkin's temperament and character.
Pushkin's paintings include portraits, landscapes, horses, and flowers, as well as illustrations for his own literature. Pushkin was good at portraiture. He only needed a few brushstrokes to outline the typical features of the characters, sometimes more realistic than the portraits of some professional painters. In Pushkin's series of portraits, there are the great French Enlightenment thinkers, philosophers Voltaire and Diderot, British romantic poet Byron, Russian playwright Griboyedov and Russian poet Rereyev, etc. , the portrait is vivid and lifelike.
In some of Pushkin's other sketches, many delicate and graceful profiles of women can also be seen. One of the most fascinating women of the time was the Duchess Ye K. Vrondrova, whose profile is often seen in Pushkin's writings. Pushkin used a few light strokes to express the charming image of the beautiful young woman Ann Peter Kane. His portrait of the young Kadenka Vilyasheva is like a portrait poem, describing the "blue eyes" and "lovely face" of this beautiful girl.
Many of Pushkin's self-portraits were left in the margins of a large number of manuscripts, notes and books of Pushkin. Although many painters have tried to accurately and vividly depict Pushkin's external image and expression, but now it seems that it is Pushkin's self-portrait painted for himself that can attract people's long-term taste. Pushkin's self-portraits are generally profile portraits, sometimes young, sometimes middle-aged, or even bald old people; sometimes dressed in peasant clothes, sometimes wearing Caucasian cloaks, sometimes wearing Cossack wool high hats.
Like Pushkin's literary works, these paintings are his legacy.
The Russian literary world in the 19th century created a splendid and prosperous era. The great poet Pushkin played the role of pioneer and founder. His series of works made an epoch-making contribution to the formation and rich development of Russian literature. The famous Russian literary critic Belinsky said: "Only from Pushkin, there is Russian literature, because the pulse of Russian life beats in his poetry." The great Russian writer Gorky also pointed out: "Pushkin is a The founder of the combination of romanticism and realism." The great revolutionary teacher also loved Pushkin's works very much. When Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties, he read many of Pushkin's poems with great interest; Engels translated some chapters of Pushkin's long poem "Evgeny Onegin" into German; Lenin During his exile by the Tsar, his favorite literary works were Pushkin's poems.
Pushkin's short life left a very rich literary legacy to future generations. In Russia, the study of Pushkin's works has become an independent "Pushkinology", and a large number of his manuscripts are collected in the Pushkin House and the Pushkin Museum. However, the question of whether Pushkin still has "Diary No. 1" is still a mystery, which has attracted great interest and attention of "Pushkin" researchers for decades.
The mystery of Pushkin's "Diary No. 1" was caused by Pushkin's granddaughter, Yelena Pushkina. In 1920, Yelena, who lived abroad, suddenly announced to the outside world that part of her grandfather Pushkin's diary was now in her collection. Because after Pushkin was killed in a duel, people found that the title page of one of his diaries was marked with the number "two" when sorting out his posthumous manuscripts, so the researchers of "Pushkin Studies" called Yelena's possible collection of diaries "" Diary No. 1. So, is there such a "Diary No. 1"? Experts and scholars have different views on this.
Some Pushkin scientists believe that Pushkin's Diary No. 1 exists. In his essay "The Lost Diary," Feinberg, a highly accomplished scholar, asserts that Pushkin's "Diary No. 1" exists, and believes that it is currently in the hands of Pushkin's descendants living abroad. This manuscript was originally kept by Pushkin's eldest son Alexander Pushkin, and then passed to his daughter Yelena after several rounds. In 1923, Yelena also emphasized in her letter to her friends that she still kept her grandfather Pushkin's unpublished diary and other manuscripts. According to her father's instructions, these materials should not be published before the 100th anniversary of Pushkin's death (1937). , because the people attacked in Diary of One were alive before then. Another prominent Pushkinist, Goldfman, wrote in his article "On Pushkin's Death Again": "Pushkin's Diary No. The truth is, these materials are richer and more complete than the historical materials held by Pushkin scientists." In order to prevent Pushkin's precious manuscripts from being scattered in foreign countries, the staff of Pushkin's former residence and Pushkin Museum in Russia used various channels to find Pushkin's manuscripts. However, due to the failure to find the exact whereabouts of Yelena abroad, the search for Pushkin's "Diary No. 1" has so far yielded nothing.
Pushkin's paintings
Other researchers disagree, categorically denying the existence of Pushkin's Diary No. 1. The famous Pushkin scientist Mozalesky said: "I would like to guarantee with my head that there is no other diary of Pushkin except the existing one." Yelena's brother Nikolai Alexandra Rovich also believes that Yelena invented the story about Pushkin's "Diary No. 1" out of thin air, and its purpose is only to improve her status and worth. Yelena's niece Meze Zhuova also agreed: "Aunt Yelena could not have Pushkin's diary at all, because all the manuscripts and materials left by Pushkin were kept with Pushkin's eldest son, but I have never heard of Pushkin's writing. "Diary No. 1"."
As for the truth of Pushkin's "Diary No. 1", many experts and scholars have put forward some insightful views, but the mystery covering "Diary No. 1" has not been revealed. In order to prevent the precious manuscripts left by Pushkin from being scattered everywhere, experts and scholars of Russian "Pushkin Studies" are still tirelessly searching for the trace of the poet Pushkin's "Diary No. 1".
How did the great Russian poet Pushkin die? Many people may know that he was in order to protect the reputation of his wife, Natalia Nikolayevna, and the Frenchman George, who was a rival in love and served as a gendarmerie captain in the Guards. · Dantes duel, the result was shot and died. But what is little known is that it was not Dantes who violated the reputation of Mrs. Pushkin and Pushkin himself, but Tsar Nicholas I of Russia.
The book "Pushkin..." written by the Russian writer Alexander Zinukhov revealed the inside story based on the archive materials that were not allowed to be disclosed in the Tsarist Russia era and were inconvenient to be disclosed in the Soviet era.
On May 23, 1836, Pushkin's youngest daughter, Natalia Alexandrovna, was born. But it is strange that Pushkin, who has always liked his children, is very indifferent to his younger daughter. The reason lies in the jealousy and suspicion that the Pushkin couple began to have when they got married.
On November 5, 1830, three months before his marriage, Pushkin mentioned the indifference of his 18-year-old fiancee Nikolayevna in a letter to a good friend: "I can't guess her. Her heart, probably covered with hard bark and wearing three sharp swords. Her letter to me, although attentive, has no enthusiasm..." Nikolayevna wrote to a friend The letter said: "Only God and a few people have the keys to open my heart..." Pushkin's letter to Nikolayevna's mother said: "I hope that with the passage of time, I can win the beloved Love."
Nikolayevna was a beauty, and when Pushkin first saw her at the ball, he was blown away by her beauty. When they got married in a Moscow church, two incidents—the cross and the Bible falling to the ground and the candles going out—were considered ominous by Pushkin. A few days later he wrote to his sister: "I have a hunch that my union with Nikolaevna may not end well."
Sure enough, the days of the newly married Pushkins in Moscow were not pleasant. Pushkin wrote poems complaining about the bride's "cold attitude and lack of passion"; having children almost every year after marriage (Nikolaevna had four children between 1831 and 1836) ruined her mood and health. When Pushkin went to other places, the couple rarely communicated. Nikolaevna's letter to Pushkin was destroyed by her after Pushkin's death. But some of the contents of her letter can also be speculated from some of Pushkin's reply in 1833 kept in the Russian state archives. In his reply, Pushkin said: "To tell you frankly, I am as innocent as a newborn baby, and I have a clear conscience for you. During the journey, I only pay attention to old ladies in their seventies and eighties, and I don't even look at young girls."
To Nikolayevna, who is only 21 years old, her husband Pushkin, 34, already seems like an old man, neither rich nor status, and his whole body always smells of ink.
Pushkin has a rather grumpy temper. When rumors about many men pursuing Nikolayevna reached his ears, he scolded her harshly, saying that she was too "coquettish".
Tsar Nicholas I was actually only 3 years older than Pushkin. He was only 37 years old when he first saw this beauty, Nikolayevna. Nicholas I reigned for 30 years and was known for his brutality and imperiousness. It is conceivable that the ordinary Pushkin has become a genius supported by all the people, and he also has a peerless beauty. How can he, the emperor, swallow this breath? However, Nikolayevna's famous flowers have owners, and she cannot be made to serve as a "court maid" to serve the emperor. How to do?
So, Nicholas I called Pushkin as the imperial guard so that he could get close to Nikolaevna.
Since Pushkin became the royal guard, he had to take his wife to the royal ball. Over time, he became the laughing stock of the upper class, and people ridiculed him for "going to dances every day and letting his sweet wife show off."
Nicholas I also had a weapon that could subdue Pushkin, the State Archives. Pushkin began to write historical novels in 1830. After writing "The History of Pugachev", he began to write "The History of Peter the Great", so that he could not do without the state archives, and the access to the archives must be approved by the Tsar.
In the summer of 1834, in order to get rid of Nicholas I, Pushkin wanted to resign as the imperial guard. Then he wrote to Nikolayevna: "I was scolded by Count Benkendorf (the minister of Nicholas I) and had to withdraw my resignation. Are you satisfied now?" Perhaps because of Nikolayevna's face, Nicholas I granted Pushkin a leave of absence for half a year and approved a loan of 30,000 rubles.
At the beginning of 1834, Pushkin met his future rival, the Frenchman George Dantes, who served as the gendarmerie captain in the Guards, and invited him to his home. Dantes, a burly and handsome man, was Nikolaevna's cousin. In fact, it was Count Benkendorf's idea to arrange for Dantes to pursue Nikolaevna, cause scandals, divert attention, and "cover up" the emperor, and the tsar himself knew it. Otherwise, even if Dantes ate the gall of a leopard, he would not dare to compete with the emperor for jealousy.
Benkendorf's trick really worked. In the summer of 1835, it was rumored that the Tsar had an affair with Nikolayevna; in the autumn, it was rumored that Dantes replaced Nicholas I and won the favor of the beauty. There was a lot of discussion in the society, saying that Pushkin's green hat was "crowned"; some people sent anonymous letters to Pushkin, implying that Dantes and Nicholas I had put on a double green hat for him, "congratulations" on his promotion from the former imperial guard to "green hat knight" .
Pushkin was no fool, and the anonymous letter confirmed his fears. He wrote a letter warning Nikolayevna: "Don't flirt with the emperor!" However, at this time, Nikolayevna could not stop, and she also made full use of her special status to get "court maid" for her sister "'s kindness.
Pushkin was deeply disturbed by this. On May 9, 1836, he wrote to Nikolaevna to advise Nikolaevna, "simplicity is the most beautiful decoration of a woman." More than ten days later, his wife gave birth to a daughter, Alessandro. Fona.
According to calculations, Pushkin's wife should have been conceived between September 5 and 15, 1835. Where was Pushkin then? At that time Pushkin was at his family estate, Mikhailovskoye, in the Pskov region. His wife Nikolaevna remained in Pavrovsk, a suburb of Petersburg. As it happened, Nicholas I was injured in a carriage accident on August 26, 1835, and recuperated in the Royal Garden north of Pavrovsk from September 9 to 20. Pushkin's departure created a rare opportunity for the tsar to meet with his sweetheart Nikolaevna.
After Nikolayevna became pregnant, it was urgent for her husband Pushkin to come back to cover her ugliness. On October 2, 1835, Pushkin received the first letter from Nikolaevna in the field. Prior to this, Pushkin had written to his wife three times on September 14, 21 and 25, but they all fell into disarray.
Pushkin felt that he was getting old. In his letter on the 25th, he said: "Yesterday I saw a woman I knew at the manor. I said that her appearance had changed, and she replied: My master, you are also old and not as good-looking as before. Indeed, although I've never been pretty, but at last I was young..."
Pushkin's youngest daughter Alexandrovna grew up. Her uncle wrote in a letter to her aunt: "The little girl is very beautiful, and she is much taller than girls of the same age..." Yes, the daughter is tall, not like Pushkin (shorter stature) , not like her brothers and sisters ... Could Pushkin not understand in his heart? When he was dueling with Dantes, the mortal enemy in his heart must be the current emperor.
After Pushkin's death in a duel, the youngest daughter, Alexandrovna, turned out to be a beauty, and at the age of 17 married Mikhail, the son of Leandy Dubert, the head of the Third Bureau of the Tsar's Gendarmerie. Dubert was directly related to the feud between Pushkin, Tsar Nicholas I, and Dantes between 1835 and 1837, and this marriage may have been appointed. From the day of their wedding, the young couple was not in harmony and divorced in 1862. After the divorce, Alexandrovna was not lonely with three children. She often went to the royal ball. Soon, she was favored by Prince Nashavna and remarried in 1867. She lived abroad for a long time, and when she died in 1913, her daughter Sophia was at her villa in France.
In 1891, Sofia married Archduke Mikhail Romanov. The marriage was firmly opposed by Tsar Alexander III of Russia. He wrote angrily to Nassausky: "The marriage was not approved by me and violated Russian state law, so it should be considered invalid."
Why was Alexander III so angry with Longyan? Because Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov is the grandson of Nicholas I, and Sophia is actually the granddaughter of Nicholas I, they should be cousins. Orthodox Russia has a basic commandment: intermarriage between close relatives is prohibited.
Nadezhda, the daughter of Sofia and Mikhail Romanov, later married Prince George, the uncle of Prince Philip, the husband of Queen Elizabeth. People who don't know the details may think that the descendants of the great Russian poet Pushkin are related to the British royal family...
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