In a way, a museum is about knowing the past and present coordinates of a place. A museum is a materialized history of development. People through the dialogue between cultural relics and history, through the barriers of time and space, witness our human civilization with a long history. Museums in the modern sense emerged in the late 17th century. In 1753, the British Museum was established, and it became the first large-scale museum in the world open to the public. In 1946, the International Association of Museums was established in Paris, France, and public welfare became its primary responsibility. Since 1977, the International Association of Museums has designated May 18 as the "International Museum Day", and has established a theme every year.
"The Concise Encyclopedia Britannica" points out that: a modern museum is a cultural and educational institution that collects, preserves, displays and studies objects representing nature and human beings, and provides knowledge, education and appreciation for the public. The American Association of Museums believes that a museum is an institution that collects and preserves the materials that can best explain natural phenomena and human life, and uses them to improve people's knowledge and enlightenment education.
It can be seen that no matter how brilliant civilizations are created by human beings, they will be gradually annihilated by the smoke and dust of history.
It is the duty of museums to protect cultural heritage
Cultural heritage includes tangible cultural relics, intangible crafts, folk customs, etc., and is a public resource with the nature of public goods. They are unique historical and cultural carriers and witnesses of human historical development. Irreplaceability, with symbols and symbolic functions, is closely related to human cultural feelings and group cognition. The State Council Announcement has clearly pointed out that cultural heritage can enable Chinese people to find a shared and group-specific sense of belonging, and thus form a memory, pride and self-respect for this identity that is passed down from generation to generation. It is this specific group's sense of cultural identity that maintains the uninterrupted inheritance, making China one of the oldest civilizations that has not lost its historical roots and is the only surviving civilization.
Since the reform and opening up, although my country's cultural heritage protection has made great achievements, the situation it faces is also very serious. The gradual demise of customs and craftsmanship makes the task of preserving cultural heritage increasingly difficult.
The theme of World Cultural Heritage Day 2008 is "Everyone is responsible for the protection of cultural heritage". This fully shows that the protection of cultural heritage is not something that a person or institution can simply do. It requires the participation of the widest range of people in the society, and it needs to mobilize the attention of the whole society, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting, inheriting and promoting cultural heritage. As the carrier of the propaganda media, the museum shoulders the sacred mission. Museums must let the public understand the significance, purpose and role of cultural heritage protection through various forms of exhibitions with clear themes, raise the public's awareness of the importance of cultural heritage protection, enhance the protection awareness of the whole society, and create an environment where the whole people participate in the protection of cultural heritage. A good atmosphere, so as to achieve the purpose of the whole society to participate in the protection of cultural heritage. For example, the "Cultural Heritage Day" established in France has greatly promoted and promoted the protection of historical and intangible cultural heritage in Europe. At present, France has designated 91 historical and cultural heritage reserves, with more than 40,000 historical and cultural heritage sites in the reserves, and more than 180 million cultural associations to protect and display historical and cultural heritage. The establishment of the historical and cultural heritage protection zone does not mean that it is closed and protected, and the historical and cultural heritage cannot be hidden in the paradise. The French government has taken measures to open the doors of historical and cultural heritage protection areas, making them a window for people to understand the national history and culture. "Cultural Heritage Day" is a French initiative. On the third weekend of September every year, all museums open their doors to the public, public museums are free of admission, and famous museums and historical monuments such as the Louvre are also free to open. Even private museum tickets are reduced, and they get tax breaks. Under the influence of the French "Cultural Heritage Day" activities, European cultural heritage protection activities are also vigorously carried out. In 1991, the European Council established the "European Cultural Heritage Day". In the same year, dozens of other European countries held this event successively, and the first "European Cultural Heritage Day" was established. Since then, "Cultural Heritage Day" has become a festival across Europe. In September 1999, the European Commission launched a large-scale campaign on the theme "Europe, a common heritage". In 2003, at the "International Symposium on Cultural Heritage" held in Vienna, the capital of Austria, the President of Austria came to the conference and delivered a speech. More than 40 European countries now hold "Cultural Heritage Days" every year on the third weekend of September. It can only be seen that the "Cultural Heritage Day" established by France has had a great impact not only on France, but also on the entire European society to strengthen the protection of historical and intangible cultural heritage.
Strengthen the protection of cultural heritage and actively extend the connotation of museum work
Today , the museum industry in China has developed by leaps and bounds, and a museum system with Chinese characteristics has been initially established, and the development of museums is increasingly showing a diversified development trend. As far as the development of museums is concerned, it seems that nothing is static, and the definition of museums is constantly being given new content, and material cultural heritage is a topic that has attracted much attention in the field of Chinese culture in recent years. At the Seventh Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, many experts have discussed the evolution of the concept of heritage. In particular, the protection of cultural heritage "has expanded from tangible cultural heritage to intangible cultural heritage". This makes the content involved in the museum more and more extensive, and the task of participating in the protection and utilization becomes more and more difficult.
The museum in the 21st century is the most splendid blooming place of human wisdom in thousands of years, and it is also the guardian of human culture. It should be in the center of urban life rather than the edge. At present, the mission of museums to global culture is to promote exchanges and dialogues between different cultures. Modern museums are located in large cities and face an extremely diverse population, including new and old immigrants, and global tourists, so they should maintain a more open cultural posture. Rigid, conservative cultural heritage strategies can only harm human civilization. "In the Internet age, competition among museums around the world in authentic cultural relics, academic research, social education, and cultural commodity development has become a trend." However, how to expand cooperation and better share and carry forward the common cultural and artistic wealth of mankind requires the wisdom of museum managers. For contemporary museums, it is becoming increasingly important to use websites to display exhibits to the public and to communicate with the world. However, in today's rapid modernization process, museums also undertake the important mission of protecting intangible cultural heritage. For example, the Forbidden City maintenance project carried out in recent years shows China's respect for cultural diversity.
The foothold of cultural heritage protection
- let the public enjoy more spiritual and cultural products
Cultural relics are the carrier of cultural heritage, and the protection of cultural heritage is to protect the long history and splendid civilization of mankind. Cultural relics play a role in their own value and their research results, display and dissemination, and museums are such a platform for the public. The 19th International Congress of Museums in 2001 defined a museum as follows: A museum is a non-profit permanent institution that serves society and its development and is open to the public. It collects, protects, studies, disseminates and exhibits physical evidence of people and their environment for the Garden of Research, Education, and Appreciation. The General Assembly resolution clearly pointed out: the new century museum faces two challenges: economic challenges and social challenges. In today's society, the expectations of museums are getting higher and higher, and museums should make full use of their own resources to continuously meet the growing spiritual and cultural needs of the public.
With the passage of time, many old daily necessities and lifestyles are gradually replaced by modern ways, which is a trend of social development. In the museum, we can still see the rock paintings of the ancients, and the literature and classics that still show the wisdom of the sages to this day; and each piece of folk utensils vividly shows the audience whether it is a horseback that lives by water and grass. The nation is still the wisdom of the farming ancestors. All these allow the audience to have a sense of national pride and enhance self-confidence in their memories during the visit, thereby further stimulating patriotic enthusiasm. Wandering in the ocean of history, the silent cultural relics make the public feel home after a long absence, this is the museum.
Italians are proud to say that about 4% of the world's historical art comes from Italy. As the center of Greek culture, the center of Roman civilization, the core of Catholicism, and the source of the Renaissance, Italy has preserved countless historical and cultural heritages. In addition to the natural and cultural landscape heritage, rural eco-tourism, food and cultural tourism in Italy have also begun to flourish. For example, since the Sicilian puppet show in Italy was established by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of mankind, the situation has changed a lot. There are many puppet theaters in Sicily. The lighting and scenery on the stage are very particular. The puppets are larger than the puppets in the general puppet shows in our country. Puppet artists specially invite skilled craftsmen to carve, color and design puppet images. These craftsmen have used the production methods that have been handed down for decades. After fine hand-carving, the facial expressions of the puppets are highly exaggerated. The performers are all highly skilled. Puppet artists improvise with elaborately carved puppets and props based on some basic storylines. These stories generally come from poetry, romantic legends or popular operas. Puppet artists in Sicily have always been proud to have such traditional art performances, which have been passed down from generation to generation in a family fashion. The Sicilian puppet show was formed in the 19th century, and it has been declining by the 1950s. With the increase of entertainment methods and the appearance of television, the changes of urban society in Sicily also accelerated the speed of its demise. A large number of puppet artists were forced to give up their professions. Now the Italian government has done a lot of work in rescuing and protecting the puppet theatre in Sicily. Puppets can be found everywhere in shops and stalls in Sicily. These puppets are beautifully made and come in a variety of shapes. Among them, the ancient warriors with the top armor penetrated the armor the most. Their helmets are adorned with feathers or tassel of various colors, and they hold swords and shields in their hands, which are colorful and sparkling, and are quite beautiful. Puppets have become famous souvenirs in Sicily, attracting tourists from all over the world. The Italian government has set up training places for young puppet artists, held the Sicilian puppet festival and offered awards, held puppet exhibitions at home and abroad, and built puppet show schools.
It is believed that through the joint efforts of the whole society, more and more people will enter the museum, and more people will consciously pay attention to cultural heritage and actively participate in the protection of cultural heritage.
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