"People are afraid of time, but time is afraid of pyramids." The
ancient Greeks listed the Egyptian pyramids as one of the seven wonders of the world. When Napoleon came under the pyramid, the huge tower body formed a sharp contrast with his short stature, which made him feel that "5,000 years are looking down at me". So that when he returned to France, he still remembered the pyramid, saying: My dreams stayed in Memphis.
Located at the southern end of the Nile Delta, Memphis was built by the pharaoh Menes in 3000 BC. Memphis became the capital of ancient Egypt after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. In the long years, Memphis has risen and fallen several times, and finally fell in the 7th century AD.
The cemetery in Memphis is located in Saqqara, southwest of Memphis, about 27 kilometers from Cairo. There are more than 80 pyramids here, the most famous of which are the three pyramids located on the Giza Plateau, which were built by the pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaul of the Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. The pyramids are generally considered to be the tombs of the kings of ancient Egypt's slave state. These rulers were called "Pharaohs". The ancient Egyptians had a deep-seated "afterlife concept" in their minds, and they saw the underworld as a continuation of earthly life. Therefore, the construction of their underworld residence was regarded by these pharaohs as their top priority during their lifetime.
The image of the pyramid has been known to people for thousands of years and has aroused the amazement of countless people. Among the seven wonders of the ancient world, the other six wonders have been destroyed, and only the pyramid, which represents the splendid achievements of ancient civilization, still stands on the earth. Therefore, the Egyptians have a saying, "People are afraid of time, but time is afraid of pyramids."
Among the many pyramids, the most famous, tallest and most mysterious is the Pyramid of Khufu on the Giza Plateau. Its appearance is solemn, majestic, simple and stable, and it is in perfect harmony with the surrounding plateaus and deserts. Its internal structure is ingenious, self-contained, and condensed with extraordinary wisdom. After thousands of years of vicissitudes and vicissitudes, it remains unmoved.
The Pyramid of Khufu was built in 2760 BC. It is 146.5 meters high and 230 meters long on each side. It was built with 2.3 million boulders. Tight, the knife can't get in. Although the Pyramid of Khufu has been robbed many times in the history, its main structure is intact and it is the most valuable for research among the existing pyramids. It has attracted generations of scientists and explorers to come here for research and exploration, and has been praised by many pyramid research experts. It is called the monument of mystery.
Some pyramid researchers believe that the information about astronomy, mathematics and other aspects conveyed by the Pyramid of Khufu is a wealth left to us by our ancestors, and it is a three-dimensional last word. Many experts and scholars believe that the pyramid is not only the tomb of the pharaoh, it also predicts some kind of "major event", such as the appearance of the so-called "savior". Before Jesus was born, the Hebrews in Egypt welcomed Moses, Zarathustra in Persia, Orpheus in Greece, Buddha Sakyamuni in India, and Laozi and Confucius in China. Shortly after Jesus was born, Mohammed, whom the Semites in the desert had longed for, also appeared.
In ancient Egypt, the Hebrews looked forward to the appearance of a savior before the exodus, about two thousand years before the birth of Jesus. There is an ancient prophecy circulating in ancient Egypt that a savior of mankind will come to the world. The visions in the prophecy correspond to those described later in the New Testament of the Bible.
Some world-renowned pyramidists even believe that even the content of the Old Testament about the coming of the Messiah is related to the pyramids. Two passages from the Book of Isaiah in the Old Testament are considered proof of the use of the pyramid as a symbol of the coming of the Messiah: "On that day there will be an altar dedicated to God in the middle of the land of Egypt, and a tree on the borders of Egypt. Pillars for God. They are a symbol of God's presence in Egypt."
"When the people there are oppressed and cry out to God for help, God will send a great Saviour who will save them." (See "Old. John Isaiah Chapter 19 verses 19 to 20).
But it's not the most convincing. Pyramid researchers generally believe that Egypt's national power was strong during the Old Kingdom, especially during the Fourth Dynasty. It is generally believed that the earliest time the pyramids were built was around 2900 BC. HG Wells, in his Outline of the History of the World, called the pyramid "a monument erected in a time when engineering was hardly born".
The dimensions of the parts of Khufu's pyramid are of far-reaching and significant significance to pyramidists. The Pyramid of Khufu is 146.5 meters high and the base is 230 meters long. The circumference of the base of the tower is 36,524 inches (about 1 km), which is an important number that represents various relationships with the entire theory of "pyramid prophecy". This theory pays special attention to the thirteen numbers and the numbers provided in the "stone inscriptions" the size of one-third of an acre, because they are all indivisible numbers. Put a decimal point after the third number, which is 365.24, which is the number of days in a year in the solar calendar. Divide 36524 by 4 to get the number 9131, which is exactly the side length (in inches) of the base of the pyramid, and also represents the four seasons split time. Multiply 36524 by 5 and you get 182620, which is the cubit length used in ancient Egypt and Hebrew (approximately 18.26 inches, from the elbow to the fingertips). Divide 9131, the side length of the base of the tower, by 25, and you get the number 365.24, the number of days in a Gregorian year. Not only that, but the sidereal year (about 20 minutes longer than the solar calendar) and the perianth (365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, 53 seconds, or about 5 minutes longer than the sidereal year) are also displayed in the Pyramid of Khufu. The precession between the 6,000-year-old vernal and autumnal equinoxes is also expressed in units of measure, and modern astronomy has known this difference for less than 400 years.
Although said to have been built 31 feet lower by its designers, this massive pyramid is still the tallest of the 80 pyramids in Egypt.
Amazing orientation and sophisticated construction
At the end of 1880, William Flinders Petrie, the father of modern architecture, conducted a detailed inspection of the Pyramid of Khufu. He pointed out that the most amazing thing about the Pyramid of Khufu was its orientation. Because each ridgeline faces the north, south, east, and west very accurately, the error in each direction is also within 5 points (1 point is 1/60 of 1 degree). This error is only one-sixth the size of the error that can be discerned by the naked eye, which is a very precise observation technique. While other pyramids, such as Khafre and Menkoala, are also correctly oriented to the north, south, east, and west, they are not as correct as the Pyramid of Khufu.
This precision reflects the superb observational skills of the ancient Egyptians and their ability to use it.
The level of accuracy is also impressive. Because its error is only 1.5 inches (about 3.8 centimeters), it is extremely difficult for even contemporary architectural standards to match it.
The most amazing thing in the architectural structure is probably the exquisite combination of the outer wall stones! Because these stones are so closely stacked together like works of art, the gaps are too small to fit even a single hair.
At the same time, the mechanical structure of Khufu's Pyramid is also extremely ingenious. The Pyramid of Cheops was not built directly from 2.3 million stones into a four-cone shape. Because if the structure is so simple, as long as a part of it collapses, it will collapse because it is too bulky. Therefore, what supports the Pyramid of Cheops is an internal structure that resembles a tree-ring shape. Just like the annual rings in which the hard layers and the soft layers interact, the interior of the Pyramid of Cheops is also composed of hard structures called buttresses and soft structures filled with rock-filling layers. The innermost wall has buttresses that support the weight of the tower top, and the outer side is equipped with upper buttresses at certain intervals.
The surface of the Pyramid of Cheops was covered in milky limestone when it was built, so whenever the sun shines, it reflects a dazzling light. However, due to a major earthquake in Egypt in the 13th century, part of it collapsed, and it is said that the collapsed part was also used as a good building material by the people at that time. Therefore, what we see today are only some stiff and protruding staircase-like stones.
According to the monitoring by scientists with modern means, even if the stone outside the Pyramid of Khufu is completely collapsed, the Pyramid of Khufu will still stand tall, because the ancient Egyptians used a clever buttress structure when building the Pyramid of Khufu. This structure was not widely promoted and adopted by the international architectural circle until the beginning of the last century.
The Mystery of the Construction of the Pyramid of Khufu In the 5th century
BC , the Greek historian Herodotus, who visited the Giza Plateau, recorded some of his impressions of the Pyramid of Khufu. "Pharaoh Khufu, following the advice of the priests, caused the nation to be in dire straits. He forced the people of Egypt to work for himself, and more often, 100,000 people served alternately every three months. To drag the stone road, it takes 10 years for the people to work. It takes 20 years to build a pyramid."
In addition, he also recorded the method of construction of the Pyramid of Khufu. "The construction method is the step-like construction method. After the steps are made, the remaining stones are lifted with a wooden crane. Maybe with the same number of cranes as there are steps, or maybe just one crane that is easy to move, Move up little by little."
Herodotus, in his "History", was once regarded as an authority on the study of pyramids because he recorded many things about the construction of the pyramids by the ancient Egyptians. But he was no more than a man born some two thousand years after the pyramids were built.
According to many archaeological discoveries in recent years, scholars who study the pyramids speculate on the construction method of Khufu's Pyramid: According to the records of preserved ancient papyrus documents, it was the then state prime minister Haimo who directly commanded the construction of Khufu's Pyramid. He first chose a place, that is, a plateau with a hard rock plate at a moderate distance from the west bank of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians believed that the west bank of the Nile, where the sun was sinking, was the land of the dead. In order to avoid being too close to the Nile River, it will be flooded, and at the same time, it is necessary to avoid being too far from the Nile River to carry stones. Therefore, the Giza Plateau, which fully meets this condition, was chosen as the site for the construction of the Pyramid of Khufu.
As soon as the site is determined, on the Giza plateau, mesh-like ditches are dug and water is allowed to flow into the ditches. Water marks are printed on the trenches to determine the correct leveling of Khufu's Pyramid.
Then match the four corners of the pyramid with the four directions of east, west, north and south. The corners of Khufu's Pyramid are almost perfect right angles, with four slopes facing east, west, south and north. When doing this project, it is necessary to use the constellation to be accurate. I don't know how the ancient Egyptians measured it.
The stone used for the construction of the pyramids-limestone is mostly excavated from the Tula quarry on the east bank of the Nile River, while the granite used in the promenade and rooms is excavated from Aswan and other places on the upper Nile River. When chiseling a stone, first use a chisel to make a hole in the stone, then drive a wooden wedge into the hole, then inject water to make it expand, and finally use a sharp tool to cut the stone away from the rock plate.
The cut stones are first placed on a sled, then placed on a log, pulled by ropes to the river bank, and loaded onto a boat. At that time the ancient Egyptians did not know the use of vehicles or horses.
When loading items on the Nile, most of them use rafts with floating bags made of animal skins, and they can get up as long as they are pushed with rollers. Herodotus says cranes are used, but Egyptian farmers have been using wooden unloaders since ancient times, which are unlikely to lift the average 2.5 tons of stone. Therefore, they first built ramps on the side of the pyramid, and then built ramps up as the stone steps rose, and at the same time buried logs on the ramps to reduce the resistance of the prying. When it was built to the top of the pyramid, the ramp was lowered and filled with fine limestone for finishing.
So, how much time and manpower does this big project take? According to Herodotus' description, "100,000 people alternate every three months every year", then 400,000 people are needed a year. Each stone on the Pyramid of Khufu weighs an average of 2.5 tons, some even weigh 50 tons, and the smallest is no less than 1.5 tons. Without any mechanical means, it is completely dependent on human power, which is difficult to imagine in the eyes of future generations.
Graveyard, Daytimer or Observatory?
Since ancient times, there have been many questions about the Pyramid of Khufu, the biggest of which is "Is the Pyramid of Khufu really the tomb of King Khufu?" And the basis for thinking that it is the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu is only based on Herodotus's description and It is only a written record of how Pharaoh Khufu was sacred in the "gravity diffusion chamber" in the Pyramid of Khufu.
Many people who are convinced that it is the cemetery of Pharaoh Khufu believe that the Pyramid of Khufu is of course the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu, and the empty sarcophagus can only belong to him. As for mummies and burial objects, they were stolen a long time ago. In addition, some people claim that the Pyramid of Khufu is the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu, but they believe that the coffin of Pharaoh Khufu is not in the Pyramid of Khufu, but in other places that have not been found.
The more representative figure who advocates this statement is Herodotus. He said: "When you dig up the hillside where the pyramid stands, you will find that the basement is also built. This is the tomb built by the king for himself, and the water of the Nile River is introduced through the ditches, so that the tomb is like an isolated island. intruded by the outside world.” There is another more classical way of saying that, about 300 years ago, the Great Pyramid Day-Timer was advocated by Dr. De Charrouset of France. He noticed that the shadow of the sun on the slopes of the Great Pyramid would change subtly with the seasons. After a year of observation, he finally found out that on the slope on the north side, there are seasons that can form shadows and those that cannot form shadows, and the dividing line is March 1st and October 14th. And these two days are the period when various crops are sown, so he published the theory that the Great Pyramid is a day-timer used to inform the calendar for cultivation.
In addition to the above two, there is also the astronomical theory proposed by the British pyramidist McCormick. He derived this bolder hypothesis based on the view of the inner structure of the Great Pyramid. According to his research, the height of the previous Khufu Pyramid was only one-third of the current height, and the upper ends of its inner large corridor and descending corridor were exposed to the outside. The inclination of the Great Promenade is in a straight line facing the azimuth of Alpha and Sirius in the sky. So people observed the stars from the bottom of the promenade through the skylight.
Alpha was the North Star at the time, and Sirius was an important constellation for predicting whether the Nile would flood. However, when the earth turns and the positions of the constellations change, the promenade loses its function as an observatory. Therefore, Pharaoh Khufu ordered to change the plan and build his own pyramid on this observatory.
Figures in the Pyramid of Khufu full of earth information
As early as the 19th century, many pyramid researchers recognized the intriguing nature of the pyramid. In 1859, British mathematician John Taylor found some data on the structure of the pyramid, proving that its unit of length is "extremely large". "Wire diameter inches" is actually equal to today's inches. Modern science has proved that pyramids involve mathematics, astronomy, geography, transportation, architecture, medicine, health care, physics, chemistry, biology, and even religion. Especially the Pyramid of Khufu, the figures contained in its various parts are even more significant.
For example, the area of the slope of the Pyramid of Cheops is almost the same as the area of a square with the height as one side. Further investigation of the ratio between the height of the triangular faces of Khufu's pyramid and the length around the base shows a value close to pi. That is, if you draw a circle with a height as a radius, its circumference is equal to the length of the four bases. If you divide 1/2 of the base by the length of the bevel of Khufu's pyramid (the hypotenuse distance), there will be a golden ratio of 1.618. Considered the most beautiful geometric ratio since ancient Greece, the golden ratio is widely used in temple painting and figure sculpture. But in the Pyramid of Khufu, which was built more than two thousand years after the discovery of the golden section theory in ancient Greece, it has been fully adopted.
Recently, another comparison has been made between the Pyramid of Cheops and various values of the Earth. For example: the distance between the sun and the earth is equal to 100 million times the height of Khufu's Pyramid. The weight of Khufu's Pyramid is equivalent to one trillionth of the weight of the Earth.
The specific gravity of the Earth is equal to the specific gravity of the Pyramid of Khufu. The Pyramid of Cheops now stands at 146.5 meters high, which is roughly the same as the average altitude of the earth. The above are just a few examples, and the mysterious numbers of the Pyramid of Khufu are much more than that. Scholars who are trying to find mathematical and geometric meanings in Khufu's Pyramid still don't know the real meaning of these numbers, but is the coincidence of these numbers really just a coincidence?
Perhaps, an unexpected discovery on another continent can provide another possibility for us to solve the mystery of the Pyramid of Khufu. This discovery is the emerald tablet.
The emerald tablet is a mysterious tablet discovered in 1925 by American scientist Dr. Morrie Deli in the tropical jungle of Mexico.
According to legend, the Emerald Tablet is an esoteric book written by Dess, a monk from the continent of Atlantis, which was submerged by the sea 50,000 years ago, and recorded the wisdom of Atlantis. Des immigrated to ancient Egypt after the continent of Atlantis was submerged by sea water and built the Great Pyramid. The contents of the esoteric books written in the ancient Atlantean language are extremely difficult to understand. But the fact that there is a mysterious power in the universe should be correct. Moreover, the content also implies that the human heart also has the ability to feel this spirituality.
Although the emerald tablet does not directly mention the pyramid, it should have given a hint to solve the mystery of the pyramid, but before the mystery is revealed, the Pyramid of Khufu, this mysterious monument, is still full of mystery and suspense.
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