In the "World Heritage List", almost all cultural heritages carry a heavy history, but Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, is a brand-new city. When UNESCO listed it in the World Heritage List, Not yet 27 years old. How can such a young city receive this honor?
Brasilia - one of the most livable places in the world The capital of
Brazil was originally the central coastal city of El Salvador, and later moved to Rio de Janeiro on the southeastern coast. In order to change the situation that Brazil's industries and cities are too concentrated in the coastal areas and develop the underdeveloped areas in the interior, since the 18th century, the Brazilian administrative authorities have been seriously considering the issue of moving the capital to the interior. In 1891, the Brazilian Constitution stipulated that the capital should be moved inland. In 1956, the Brazilian government selected Brasilia on a plateau of 1100 meters above sea level in the state of Goias, centered at 47 degrees south latitude and 15 degrees west longitude, and located on a small grassland in the west as the new capital, named Brasilia. . In the same year, the new capital plan designed by Brazilian architect Costa was selected in 26 design drawings through the election.
Although Brasilia is located in the tropics, due to its high altitude, there is no severe cold in winter, no extreme heat in summer, and the four seasons are like spring. At the same time, Brasilia is located on the watershed of the Tocantins River, the San Francisco River and the Parana River, with convenient water sources and abundant groundwater. The Brazilians also used a crescent-shaped natural depression to build an artificial lake with an area of more than 40 square kilometers. This artificial lake was formed by diverting water from several nearby rivers to the depression and building the Paranoia Dam. The lake is also named Paranoia Lake, Brasilia is located on the peninsula of the lake, and the lake like a kind mother embraces the whole city with open arms. The sparkling lake water not only regulates the air humidity in the urban area, but also beautifies the urban environment. In addition, the Brazilians also built a hydropower station along the lake to meet the city's electricity needs. The beautiful Palanoia Lake has become an excellent place for Brazilians to visit for leisure and water sports. Artificial beaches are also laid on the shores of some areas, making people feel like they are on the beach. Brasilia has a beautiful environment and fresh air. The urban green area accounts for more than 60% of the total urban area, and the per capita green area reaches 25 square meters. Vibrant green spaces indicate the vigorous vitality of Brasilia. There are basically no polluting enterprises in the city. The transportation here is developed, and highways and railways connect the port of Belém in the north, the port of Rio de Janeiro in the south, and Sao Paulo, forming a transportation network extending in all directions.
The pleasant climate, developed transportation, beautiful natural environment, and the warm, unrestrained and friendly cultural environment of Brasilia people make Brasilia one of the most livable places in the world.
Brasilia - an endless philosophical poem The architecture of
Brasilia is an intriguing philosophical poem.
The planning of Brasilia is quite distinctive. The urban layout skeleton is formed by the intersection of two axes with different functions, east-west and north-south. Looking down at the whole city from the sky is like a giant plane parked on the ground. The "head" is the Three Powers Square consisting of the Presidential Palace, the Supreme Court and the Congress. The "fuselage" is an avenue about 8 kilometers long and 250 meters wide. The "front cabin" is the square of various government departments, and the milky white government buildings are arranged symmetrically; The "tail" is the industrial area, long-distance bus station, railway passenger station, etc. that serve the capital. On both sides of the "fuselage" are interchange highways extending along the artificial lake, and along the road are residential areas arranged in a crescent shape, like "wings". Beyond the plane is its satellite city. The reason why the architectural layout is constructed in the shape of an airplane is metaphorical. Brazilians say it symbolizes that Brazil is a country that is taking off, embodying the zeitgeist that is booming. It's ingenious and meaningful, and it makes everyone who knows Brasilia in awe.
The Plaza of Three Powers, located on the nose of the aircraft, is the core of the Brazilian capital. To the north, east and south of the plaza are Brazil's Congress Building, the Office of the President and the Federal Supreme Court. The three buildings are three-legged, symbolizing the important principle of the separation of powers, reflecting the equal and mutually restrictive relationship between the travel power, the judicial power and the legislative power. On the west side of the square, facing the "fuselage", stands a 104-meter-high flagpole with a huge Brazilian flag flying high above it. In the square, there are also some important monumental sculptures.
The Capitol is Brasilia's most iconic building. It consists of two 28-storey buildings standing side by side, the two buildings are the Senate and the House of Representatives. There is a passage connecting the two buildings on the middle floor. From a distance, the entire Parliament Building presents an "H" shape. H is the first letter of the Portuguese "people", which means the legislative purpose of "everything for people". In order to more fully reflect this spirit, the conference halls of the Senate and the House of Representatives were deliberately built into two huge bowl-shaped peculiar buildings, separated on the left and right of the building. The conference hall of the House of Representatives is a "big bowl" looking up to the sky. Because the House of Representatives is open to the public, the mouth of the bowl faces upwards, which means "open", which symbolizes a wide range of public opinions. The conference hall of the Senate is an upside-down "big bowl". Issues considered by the Senate often involve state secrets and cannot be disclosed to the public in many cases. Therefore, the "bowl mouth upside down" means "a meeting behind closed doors". It also expresses the concentration of public opinion. It is rare in today's world that Brazilians can use such a beautiful and concise architectural language to express the political meaning so clearly and profoundly. In front of the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court building, there is a statue of a human figure sitting dignifiedly, holding a sword and covering his eyes with a cloth, implying that the court enforces the law fairly and does not recognize people. On the square in front of the Brasilia Army Headquarters, there is the parade of the annual National Day parade. The shape of the parade platform is the "hilt" style of the Brazilian officer's sword, and the high flagpole in front of the parade platform seems to be a "scabbard". What's more interesting is that the shape of the parade platform has a special acoustic effect, standing on the parade platform and shouting lightly, it can produce a strong and continuous echo. ...
Almost every building and sculpture in Brasilia is a philosophical poem, no wonder Brasilia has the reputation of "World Architecture Exposition". For example, the Brasilia Cathedral, the National Grand Theater, the Presidential Palace, and the megalithic sculptures in front of the office building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs all have profound meanings. Anyone who knows Brasilia and has admired this beautiful and rich girl's face will be amazed by the extraordinary creativity and imagination of the Brazilians.
Brasilia - Booster for Brazil's interior economy
In the 1940s, the growth pole theory flourished in South America and held an important position. This theory holds that due to the influence of the law of unbalanced development on economic development, the rate of economic growth cannot be the same across the country. Therefore, establishing a central city and making it a "growth pole" for regional economic development can drive its surrounding areas. economic development of the region. Through the role of "growth poles" of central cities at different levels, on the basis of economic development in different regions, the national economic development will be further promoted, and the serious imbalance of economic development in coastal areas and inland areas will be finally changed. This theory is suitable for the reality of Brazil, and the then President of Brazil, Juseno Kubitschek, also very much appreciated the theory, so in the context of the big economy, with the support of the president, after repeated consideration, finally chose to build a new capital --- Brasilia, by moving the capital to promote the economic take-off of the mainland. Facts have proved that the Brazilians' choice was correct: the construction of Brasilia activated the western economy and led to the take-off of the entire Brazilian economy.
Before the completion of Brasilia, the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goias in the central and western regions of Brazil were all wasteland and sparsely populated, but after the completion of Brasilia, the place changed from the past. The desolate appearance of the city has formed an economic zone centered on Brasilia, Goiania, Cuiaba and other cities, mainly based on agriculture, animal husbandry and mining, making the entire central and western regions appear vibrant and high-spirited. The vision of development has thus achieved the goal of shifting the country's economic center of gravity to the inland. Throughout the 1960s, the economic stimulus brought about by the relocation of the capital and the successful practice of developmentist theory brought Brazil into a period of economic prosperity. During this period, Brazil's industry has been well developed and realized the diversification of the industry, thus making the Brazilian economy get rid of the situation of relying on a single cash crop coffee. National industrial output jumped to more than double that of agriculture. Brazil has not only become the country with the strongest economic strength in Latin America, but also has become the 10th largest industrial country in the world.
Brasilia - the pride of all Brazilians
No matter where you go in Brazil, as long as you talk to Brazilians about Brasilia, you will feel that they are full of pride in their new capital. Because the construction of the entire new capital, from site selection, overall design to specific construction, did not rely on foreign forces, and was completely completed by local people. During the construction, all buildings are carried out in strict accordance with the design requirements, and each house must be included in the overall plan. The entire project took only 3 years and 2 months, creating the "Brazil Miracle". In December 1987, more than 20 years after its completion in Brasilia, it was declared a "cultural heritage of mankind" by UNESCO and protected as a masterpiece and a modern "cultural relic" in the history of human architecture. In the 20th century, many modern metropolises emerged one after another. Among them, only Brasilia received the honor of cultural heritage of mankind. No wonder Brazilians are so proud, because they are indeed qualified to do so.
While proud and appreciative of Brasilia, Lucio Costa and his student Oscar Niemeyer cannot but be mentioned. It is the cooperation of these two most outstanding architectural masters in Brazil to jointly complete a masterpiece of architectural art of the genesis of Brazil, adding a cultural heritage to the world. From another point of view, the construction of Brasilia has given full play to the imagination of architects, and made two great Brazilian masters in the history of architecture. One of the most characteristic factions.
Decades later, Brasilia is still so young and full of the atmosphere of the times; Brasilia is still so peaceful and harmonious, and is definitely not moved by the jewels of the metropolis. Its grand idea of building a new city on flat ground, its ingenious urban planning, its philosophical urban architecture... All these are enough to prove that although it is young, it deserves the crown of "cultural heritage".
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